This study examines how factors influencing zero pledging vary with different levels of pledging in family-owned firms. This study uses a zero-inflated beta model to differentiate the lack of opposition to pledge from the positive endorsement of pledge in an institutional setting with regulatory pledging disclosure. Examining ownership behavior related to the pledge decision. it is ob... https://safeersappliancers.shop/product-category/bosch-serie-6-smv68md00g-full-size-fully-integrated-dishwasher/