There is a trade-off between the total penalty paid to customers (TPC) and the total transportation cost (TTC) in depot for vehicle routing problems under uncertainty (VRPU). The trade-off refers to the fact that the TTC in depot inevitably increases when the TPC decreases and vice versa. With respect to this issue. the vehicle routing problem (VRP) with uncertain customer demand and ... https://smokeaers.shop/product-category/tips/